Bird Science - American Robin
American Robin: A Familiar and Iconic Bird
The American Robin (Turdus migratorius) is a widespread migratory thrush native to North America. Named for its reddish-orange breast, it is often compared to the European robin, though the two are not closely related. The American Robin is one of the most abundant landbirds in North America, with an estimated population of 370 million individuals.
Physical Characteristics
The American Robin is a medium-sized thrush, measuring 9.1 to 11 inches in length with a wingspan of 12 to 16 inches. Males and females are similar in appearance, though females are slightly duller. The bird has a brown back, a reddish-orange breast, and a yellow bill with a dark tip. Juveniles have dark spots on their breasts and are paler overall.
Distribution and Habitat
The American Robin breeds across most of North America, from Alaska and Canada south to northern Florida and Mexico. It winters from southern Canada to central Mexico and along the Pacific Coast. Some populations are year-round residents, while others migrate south for the winter. The robin prefers woodlands, farmlands, and urban areas, often nesting in dense bushes or tree forks.
Feeding Behavior
The American Robin's diet consists of 40% invertebrates, such as earthworms, beetles, and caterpillars, and 60% fruits and berries. It is one of the first birds to switch to berries in winter, allowing it to survive in colder climates. Robins forage primarily on the ground, using both visual and auditory cues to locate prey.
Breeding and Reproduction
The American Robin is one of the earliest birds to breed, starting shortly after returning to its summer range. The female builds a nest of grass, twigs, and mud, often in a dense bush or tree fork. She lays three to five blue eggs, which hatch after 14 days. The chicks fledge two weeks later. Robins typically raise two to three broods per season.
Adaptations and Survival
The American Robin is highly adaptable, thriving in both natural and urban environments. It is known for its melodious song, which is often heard at dawn. The species is also a key host for West Nile virus, though vaccines have been developed to mitigate its spread.
Conservation Status
The American Robin is listed as "Least Concern" by the IUCN, with a stable population trend. It is protected throughout its range in the United States by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act.